Header Logo

NHAT TU LE

TitleAssistant Professor
InstitutionMD Anderson
DepartmentCardiology
Address2121 Holcombe Blvd
Houston TX 77030-4244
vCardDownload vCard

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
    Newest   |   Oldest   |   Most Cited   |   Most Discussed   |   Timeline   |   Field Summary   |   Plain Text
    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Chau KM, Dominic A, Davis EL, Kotla S, Berrios ET, Fahim A, Arunesh A, Li S, Zhao D, Chen K, Davis AR, Nguyen MTH, Wang Y, Evans SE, Wang G, Cooke JP, Abe JI, Huston DP, Le NT. TNIK regulation of interferon signaling and endothelial cell response to virus infection. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1213428. PMID: 38264262; PMCID: PMC10803426.
      Citations:    
    2. Jain A, Casanova D, Padilla AV, Paniagua Bojorges A, Kotla S, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Chau K, Nguyen MTH, Wen J, Hernandez Gonzalez SL, Rodgers SP, Olmsted-Davis EA, Hamilton DJ, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SJ, Cooke JP, Herrmann J, Chini EN, Xu X, Yusuf SW, Yoshimoto M, Lorenzi PL, Hobbs B, Krishnan S, Koutroumpakis E, Palaskas NL, Wang G, Deswal A, Lin SH, Abe JI, Le NT. Premature senescence and cardiovascular disease following cancer treatments: mechanistic insights. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1212174. PMID: 37781317; PMCID: PMC10540075.
      Citations:    
    3. Nguyen MTH, Imanishi M, Li S, Chau K, Banerjee P, Velatooru LR, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Gi YJ, Lee LL, Abe RJ, McBeath E, Deswal A, Lin SH, Palaskas NL, Dantzer R, Fujiwara K, Borchrdt MK, Turcios EB, Olmsted-Davis EA, Kotla S, Cooke JP, Wang G, Abe JI, Le NT. Endothelial activation and fibrotic changes are impeded by laminar flow-induced CHK1-SENP2 activity through mechanisms distinct from endothelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1187490. PMID: 37711550; PMCID: PMC10499395.
      Citations:    
    4. Banerjee P, Rosales JE, Chau K, Nguyen MTH, Kotla S, Lin SH, Deswal A, Dantzer R, Olmsted-Davis EA, Nguyen H, Wang G, Cooke JP, Abe JI, Le NT. Possible molecular mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerosis in cancer survivors. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1186679. PMID: 37332576; PMCID: PMC10272458.
      Citations: 3     
    5. Abe JI, Imanishi M, Li S, Zhang A, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Lee LL, Bojorges AP, Gi YJ, Hobbs BP, Deswal A, Herrmann J, Lin SH, Chini EN, Shen YH, Schadler KL, Nguyen TH, Gupte AA, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SJ, Abe RJ, Olmsted-Davis EA, Krishnan S, Dantzer R, Palaskas NL, Cooke JP, Pownall HJ, Yoshimoto M, Fujiwara K, Hamilton DJ, Burks JK, Wang G, Le NT, Kotla S. An ERK5-NRF2 Axis Mediates Senescence-Associated Stemness and Atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2023 06 23; 133(1):25-44. PMID: 37264926; PMCID: PMC10357365.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    6. Gurshaney S, Morales-Alvarez A, Ezhakunnel K, Manalo A, Huynh TH, Abe JI, Le NT, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Lupu DS, Gardell SJ, Nguyen H. Metabolic dysregulation impairs lymphocyte function during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commun Biol. 2023 04 07; 6(1):374. PMID: 37029220; PMCID: PMC10080180.
      Citations:    Translation:HumansCells
    7. Li S, Zhang P, Chen W, Ye L, Brannan KW, Le NT, Abe JI, Cooke JP, Wang G. A relay velocity model infers cell-dependent RNA velocity. Nat Biotechnol. 2024 Jan; 42(1):99-108. PMID: 37012448; PMCID: PMC10545816.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    
    8. Imanishi M, Cheng H, Kotla S, Deswal A, Le NT, Chini E, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Lee LL, Herrmann J, Xu X, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SJ, Schadler KL, Yusuf SW, Liao Z, Nurieva R, Amir ED, Burks JK, Palaskas NL, Cooke JP, Lin SH, Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M, Abe JI. Radiation therapy induces immunosenescence mediated by p90RSK. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022; 9:988713. PMID: 36426217; PMCID: PMC9680092.
      Citations: 3     
    9. Wang Y, Abe JI, Chau KM, Wang Y, Vu HT, Reddy Velatooru L, Gulraiz F, Imanishi M, Samanthapudi VSK, Nguyen MTH, Ko KA, Lee LL, Thomas TN, Olmsted-Davis EA, Kotla S, Fujiwara K, Cooke JP, Zhao D, Evans SE, Le NT. MAGI1 inhibits interferon signaling to promote influenza A infection. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022; 9:791143. PMID: 36082118; PMCID: PMC9445416.
      Citations:    
    10. Banerjee P, Olmsted-Davis EA, Deswal A, Nguyen MT, Koutroumpakis E, Palaskas NL, Lin SH, Kotla S, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SJ, Yusuf SW, Yoshimoto M, Kobayashi M, Yu B, Schadler K, Herrmann J, Cooke JP, Jain A, Chini E, Le NT, Abe JI. Cancer treatment-induced NAD+ depletion in premature senescence and late cardiovascular complications. J Cardiovasc Aging. 2022; 2. PMID: 35801078; PMCID: PMC9258520.
      Citations:    
    11. Abe RJ, Abe JI, Nguyen MTH, Olmsted-Davis EA, Mamun A, Banerjee P, Cooke JP, Fang L, Pownall H, Le NT. Free Cholesterol Bioavailability and Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022 05; 24(5):323-336. PMID: 35332444; PMCID: PMC9050774.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    12. Le NT, Olmsted-Davis EA, Abe JI. Paradoxical effects of osteoprotegerin on vascular function: inhibiting inflammation while promoting oxidative stress? Clin Sci (Lond). 2022 03 18; 136(5):379-382. PMID: 35274135; PMCID: PMC8919090.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    13. Banerjee P, Kotla S, Reddy Velatooru L, Abe RJ, Davis EA, Cooke JP, Schadler K, Deswal A, Herrmann J, Lin SH, Abe JI, Le NT. Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype as a Hinge Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021; 8:763930. PMID: 34746270; PMCID: PMC8563837.
      Citations: 4     
    14. Velatooru LR, Abe RJ, Imanishi M, Gi YJ, Ko KA, Heo KS, Fujiwara K, Le NT, Kotla S. Disturbed flow-induced FAK K152 SUMOylation initiates the formation of pro-inflammation positive feedback loop by inducing reactive oxygen species production in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021 12; 177:404-418. PMID: 34619327; PMCID: PMC8664087.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    15. Kotla S, Zhang A, Imanishi M, Ko KA, Lin SH, Gi YJ, Moczygemba M, Isgandarova S, Schadler KL, Chung C, Milgrom SA, Banchs J, Yusuf SW, Amaya DN, Guo H, Thomas TN, Shen YH, Deswal A, Herrmann J, Kleinerman ES, Entman ML, Cooke JP, Schifitto G, Maggirwar SB, McBeath E, Gupte AA, Krishnan S, Patel ZS, Yoon Y, Burks JK, Fujiwara K, Brookes PS, Le NT, Hamilton DJ, Abe JI. Nucleus-mitochondria positive feedback loop formed by ERK5 S496 phosphorylation-mediated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation provokes persistent pro-inflammatory senescent phenotype and accelerates coronary atherosclerosis after chemo-radiation. Redox Biol. 2021 11; 47:102132. PMID: 34619528; PMCID: PMC8502954.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    16. Abe RJ, Savage H, Imanishi M, Banerjee P, Kotla S, Paez-Mayorga J, Taunton J, Fujiwara K, Won JH, Yusuf SW, Palaskas NL, Banchs J, Lin SH, Schadler KL, Abe JI, Le NT. Corrigendum: p90RSK-MAGI1 Module Controls Endothelial Permeability by Post-translational Modifications of MAGI1 and Hippo Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021; 8:663486. PMID: 33681312; PMCID: PMC7934140.
      Citations:    
    17. Abe RJ, Savage H, Imanishi M, Banerjee P, Kotla S, Paez-Mayorga J, Taunton J, Fujiwara K, Won JH, Yusuf SW, Palaskas NL, Banchs J, Lin SH, Schadler KL, Abe JI, Le NT. p90RSK-MAGI1 Module Controls Endothelial Permeability by Post-translational Modifications of MAGI1 and Hippo Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020; 7:542485. PMID: 33304925; PMCID: PMC7693647.
      Citations: 3     
    18. Dominic A, Banerjee P, Hamilton DJ, Le NT, Abe JI. Time-dependent replicative senescence vs. disturbed flow-induced pre-mature aging in atherosclerosis. Redox Biol. 2020 10; 37:101614. PMID: 32863187; PMCID: PMC7767754.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    19. Kotla S, Le NT, Vu HT, Ko KA, Gi YJ, Thomas TN, Giancursio C, Lusis AJ, Cooke JP, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. Endothelial senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is regulated by Makorin-1 ubiquitin E3 ligase. Metabolism. 2019 11; 100:153962. PMID: 31476350; PMCID: PMC7059097.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    20. Lin L, Shi C, Sun Z, Le NT, Abe JI, Hu K. The Ser/Thr kinase p90RSK promotes kidney fibrosis by modulating fibroblast-epithelial crosstalk. J Biol Chem. 2019 06 21; 294(25):9901-9910. PMID: 31076505; PMCID: PMC6597816.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    21. Kotla S, Vu HT, Ko KA, Wang Y, Imanishi M, Heo KS, Fujii Y, Thomas TN, Gi YJ, Mazhar H, Paez-Mayorga J, Shin JH, Tao Y, Giancursio CJ, Medina JL, Taunton J, Lusis AJ, Cooke JP, Fujiwara K, Le NT, Abe JI. Endothelial senescence is induced by phosphorylation and nuclear export of telomeric repeat binding factor 2-interacting protein. JCI Insight. 2019 05 02; 4(9). PMID: 31045573; PMCID: PMC6538340.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    22. Abe JI, Ko KA, Kotla S, Wang Y, Paez-Mayorga J, Shin IJ, Imanishi M, Vu HT, Tao Y, Leiva-Juarez MM, Thomas TN, Medina JL, Won JH, Fujii Y, Giancursio CJ, McBeath E, Shin JH, Guzman L, Abe RJ, Taunton J, Mochizuki N, Faubion W, Cooke JP, Fujiwara K, Evans SE, Le NT. MAGI1 as a link between endothelial activation and ER stress drives atherosclerosis. JCI Insight. 2019 04 04; 4(7). PMID: 30944250; PMCID: PMC6483653.
      Citations: 13     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    23. Singh MV, Kotla S, Le NT, Ae Ko K, Heo KS, Wang Y, Fujii Y, Thi Vu H, McBeath E, Thomas TN, Jin Gi Y, Tao Y, Medina JL, Taunton J, Carson N, Dogra V, Doyley MM, Tyrell A, Lu W, Qiu X, Stirpe NE, Gates KJ, Hurley C, Fujiwara K, Maggirwar SB, Schifitto G, Abe JI. Senescent Phenotype Induced by p90RSK-NRF2 Signaling Sensitizes Monocytes and Macrophages to Oxidative Stress in HIV-Positive Individuals. Circulation. 2019 02 26; 139(9):1199-1216. PMID: 30586719; PMCID: PMC6957233.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCellsCTClinical Trials
    24. Le NT, Abe JI. MicroRNA 199a and the eNOS (Endothelial NO Synthase)/NO Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018 10; 38(10):2278-2280. PMID: 30354226; PMCID: PMC6957222.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    
    25. Vu HT, Kotla S, Ko KA, Fujii Y, Tao Y, Medina J, Thomas T, Hada M, Sood AK, Singh PK, Milgrom SA, Krishnan S, Fujiwara K, Le NT, Abe JI. Ionizing Radiation Induces Endothelial Inflammation and Apoptosis via p90RSK-Mediated ERK5 S496 Phosphorylation. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018; 5:23. PMID: 29594152; PMCID: PMC5861757.
      Citations: 5     
    26. Le NT, Abe JI. Regulation of Kir2.1 Function Under Shear Stress and Cholesterol Loading. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 03 03; 7(5). PMID: 29502108; PMCID: PMC5866345.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    27. Lee S, Ghosh P, Kwon H, Park SS, Kim GL, Choi SY, Kim EH, Tran TD, Seon SH, Le NT, Iqbal H, Lee S, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Induction of the pneumococcal vncRS operon by lactoferrin is essential for pneumonia. Virulence. 2018; 9(1):1562-1575. PMID: 30246592; PMCID: PMC6177237.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    28. Lin SC, Lee YC, Yu G, Cheng CJ, Zhou X, Chu K, Murshed M, Le NT, Baseler L, Abe JI, Fujiwara K, deCrombrugghe B, Logothetis CJ, Gallick GE, Yu-Lee LY, Maity SN, Lin SH. Endothelial-to-Osteoblast Conversion Generates Osteoblastic Metastasis of Prostate Cancer. Dev Cell. 2017 06 05; 41(5):467-480.e3. PMID: 28586644; PMCID: PMC5512590.
      Citations: 34     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    29. Le NT, Martin JF, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. Sub-cellular localization specific SUMOylation in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017 08; 1863(8):2041-2055. PMID: 28130202; PMCID: PMC5716640.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    30. Abe JI, Sandhu UG, Hoang NM, Thangam M, Quintana-Quezada RA, Fujiwara K, Le NT. Coordination of Cellular Localization-Dependent Effects of Sumoylation in Regulating Cardiovascular and Neurological Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017; 963:337-358. PMID: 28197922; PMCID: PMC5716632.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    31. Le NT, Sandhu UG, Quintana-Quezada RA, Hoang NM, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. Flow signaling and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017 05; 74(10):1835-1858. PMID: 28039525; PMCID: PMC5391278.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    32. Cameron SJ, Ture SK, Mickelsen D, Chakrabarti E, Modjeski KL, McNitt S, Seaberry M, Field DJ, Le NT, Abe J, Morrell CN. Platelet Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinase 5 Is a Redox Switch and Triggers Maladaptive Platelet Responses and Myocardial Infarct Expansion. Circulation. 2015 Jul 07; 132(1):47-58. PMID: 25934838; PMCID: PMC4532543.
      Citations: 21     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    33. Le NT, Jeong HY, Kwon HY, Ogunniyi AD, Paton JC, Pyo SN, Rhee DK. Erratum for Le et al., Modulation of Adherence, Invasion, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Secretion during the Early Stages of Infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpL. Infect Immun. 2015 Mar; 83(3):1224. PMID: 25681505; PMCID: PMC4333472.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    
    34. Heo KS, Le NT, Cushman HJ, Giancursio CJ, Chang E, Woo CH, Sullivan MA, Taunton J, Yeh ET, Fujiwara K, Abe J. Disturbed flow-activated p90RSK kinase accelerates atherosclerosis by inhibiting SENP2 function. J Clin Invest. 2015 Mar 02; 125(3):1299-310. PMID: 25689261; PMCID: PMC4362265.
      Citations: 42     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    35. Le NT, Takei Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Heo KS, Lee H, Smrcka AV, Miller BL, Ko KA, Ture S, Morrell C, Fujiwara K, Akaike M, Abe J. Identification of activators of ERK5 transcriptional activity by high-throughput screening and the role of endothelial ERK5 in vasoprotective effects induced by statins and antimalarial agents. J Immunol. 2014 Oct 01; 193(7):3803-15. PMID: 25187658; PMCID: PMC4749510.
      Citations: 23     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    36. Nguyen CT, Le NT, Tran TD, Kim EH, Park SS, Luong TT, Chung KT, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpL modulates adherence to A549 human lung cells through Rap1/Rac1 activation. Infect Immun. 2014 Sep; 82(9):3802-10. PMID: 24980975; PMCID: PMC4187815.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    37. Heo KS, Chang E, Le NT, Cushman H, Yeh ET, Fujiwara K, Abe J. De-SUMOylation enzyme of sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 regulates disturbed flow-induced SUMOylation of ERK5 and p53 that leads to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2013 Mar 15; 112(6):911-23. PMID: 23381569; PMCID: PMC3697009.
      Citations: 51     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    38. Le NT, Heo KS, Takei Y, Lee H, Woo CH, Chang E, McClain C, Hurley C, Wang X, Li F, Xu H, Morrell C, Sullivan MA, Cohen MS, Serafimova IM, Taunton J, Fujiwara K, Abe J. A crucial role for p90RSK-mediated reduction of ERK5 transcriptional activity in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29; 127(4):486-99. PMID: 23243209; PMCID: PMC3574639.
      Citations: 54     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    39. Heo KS, Chang E, Takei Y, Le NT, Woo CH, Sullivan MA, Morrell C, Fujiwara K, Abe J. Phosphorylation of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) by MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 inhibits endothelial inflammation via increasing both PIAS1 transrepression and SUMO E3 ligase activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Feb; 33(2):321-9. PMID: 23202365; PMCID: PMC3548065.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    40. Le NT, Corsetti JP, Dehoff-Sparks JL, Sparks CE, Fujiwara K, Abe J. Reactive Oxygen Species, SUMOylation, and Endothelial Inflammation. Int J Inflam. 2012; 2012:678190. PMID: 22991685; PMCID: PMC3443607.
      Citations: 10     
    41. Le NT, Takei Y, Shishido T, Woo CH, Chang E, Heo KS, Lee H, Lu Y, Morrell C, Oikawa M, McClain C, Wang X, Tournier C, Molina CA, Taunton J, Yan C, Fujiwara K, Patterson C, Yang J, Abe J. p90RSK targets the ERK5-CHIP ubiquitin E3 ligase activity in diabetic hearts and promotes cardiac apoptosis and dysfunction. Circ Res. 2012 Feb 17; 110(4):536-50. PMID: 22267842; PMCID: PMC3306797.
      Citations: 31     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    42. Heo KS, Lee H, Nigro P, Thomas T, Le NT, Chang E, McClain C, Reinhart-King CA, King MR, Berk BC, Fujiwara K, Woo CH, Abe J. PKC? mediates disturbed flow-induced endothelial apoptosis via p53 SUMOylation. J Cell Biol. 2011 May 30; 193(5):867-84. PMID: 21624955; PMCID: PMC3105539.
      Citations: 56     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    43. Chang E, Heo KS, Woo CH, Lee H, Le NT, Thomas TN, Fujiwara K, Abe J. MK2 SUMOylation regulates actin filament remodeling and subsequent migration in endothelial cells by inhibiting MK2 kinase and HSP27 phosphorylation. Blood. 2011 Feb 24; 117(8):2527-37. PMID: 21131586; PMCID: PMC3062414.
      Citations: 26     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    44. Woo CH, Le NT, Shishido T, Chang E, Lee H, Heo KS, Mickelsen DM, Lu Y, McClain C, Spangenberg T, Yan C, Molina CA, Yang J, Patterson C, Abe J. Novel role of C terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) ubiquitin ligase on inhibiting cardiac apoptosis and dysfunction via regulating ERK5-mediated degradation of inducible cAMP early repressor. FASEB J. 2010 Dec; 24(12):4917-28. PMID: 20724525; PMCID: PMC2992371.
      Citations: 28     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    45. Tu le N, Jeong HY, Kwon HY, Ogunniyi AD, Paton JC, Pyo SN, Rhee DK. Modulation of adherence, invasion, and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion during the early stages of infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpL. Infect Immun. 2007 Jun; 75(6):2996-3005. PMID: 17403879; PMCID: PMC1932908.
      Citations: 15     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    46. Role for SUMOylation in disturbed flow-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation. Biomedical Engineering Letters. 5:162-171.
    47. Reactive oxygen species, SUMOylation, and endothelial inflammation. International Journal of Inflammation. 2012.
    48. Flow signaling and atherosclerosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 1-24.
    49. Erratum to Modulation of adherence, invasion, and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion during the early stages of infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpL [Infection and Immunity, 75, 6 (2007) 2996-3005, 2007]. Infection and Immunity. 83:1224.
    LE's Networks
    Click the
    Explore
    buttons for more information and interactive visualizations!
    Concepts (202)
    Explore
    _
    Co-Authors (30)
    Explore
    _
    Similar People (60)
    Explore
    _
    Same Department Expand Description
    Explore
    _